10. The Castle of Otranto by Horace Walpole

As the novel that launched a thousand ruins, Walpole's work is essential for any Gothic scholar. While the plot - involving a giant falling helmet and ancestral curses - can feel melodramatic to modern ears, its influence is undeniable. It established the "Found Manuscript" trope and the concept of the architecture itself being a source of terror. The atmosphere of gloom and the frantic pacing create a fever-dream quality. It is a foundational text that captures the 18th-century obsession with the medieval past, blending the improbable elements of romance with the dark, heavy realism of a nightmare.






















